Fortunately, you don't really need to know any Hangul for most ot the
activities you're likely to undertake. All Koreans study English in school
and many can speak and write adequately to guide you to the Dongguk
University or get you out of a jam.
If, however, you can memorize some of the following words and phrases,
you will be able to navigate more freely... and you'll make a tremendous
impression. Koreans, by and large, lavishly reward the most stuttering
efforts to speak their language. So, give it a shot.
The simplest and most common greetings mean essentially "Peace":

Ahn-young hah-say-oh
(or, more formally)

Ahn-young hah-shim-nika?
Ahn-young (or, more accurately, ahn-nyoung) means "peace."
Both hah-say-oh and hah-shim-nika are derived from an all
purpose verb that literally means "to do." So the former version means
roughly "Do peacefully" and the latter means "Are you doing peacefully?"
(The answer to which, by the way, is always nae or "yes".)
One of the standard greetings to someone you've just met or re-met
after a substantial absence loosely translates as "delighted"
(as in "I'm delighted to meet you" or "I'm delighted to see you again"):

Bahn-gahp soom-ni-dah
In order to be understood, you'll have to approximate Korean
pronunciation. Say each syllable as if it's a seperate word, and
you may get close enough.

Kahm-sah-hahm-nidah
Thank you.

Chae-song hahm-nidah
Pardon me.

Chome toe-wah jew-say-oh
Please help me.

Ahn-young-hee gae-say-oh
Good bye.
This being the New Year season, it is also in excellent form to use the
official New Year's greeting every chance you get:

Say-hay boke mahn-he pah-du-say-oh
Say-hay means "New Year;" boke means "blessings;"
mahn-he means "many;" and pah-du-say-oh means "please
receive." So, the phrase translates as "Please recieve many New Year's
blessings."
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